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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../chapters/p01_data_structures_algorithms.html">第一章：数据结构和算法</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="../chapters/p02_strings_and_text.html">第二章：字符串和文本</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p01_split_string_on_multiple_delimiters.html">2.1 使用多个界定符分割字符串</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p02_match_text_at_start_end.html">2.2 字符串开头或结尾匹配</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p03_match_strings_with_shell_wildcard.html">2.3 用Shell通配符匹配字符串</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">2.4 字符串匹配和搜索</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">问题</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id3">解决方案</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id4">讨论</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p05_search_and_replace_text.html">2.5 字符串搜索和替换</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p06_search_replace_case_insensitive.html">2.6 字符串忽略大小写的搜索替换</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p07_specify_regexp_for_shortest_match.html">2.7 最短匹配模式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p08_regexp_for_multiline_partterns.html">2.8 多行匹配模式</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p09_normalize_unicode_text_to_regexp.html">2.9 将Unicode文本标准化</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p10_work_with_unicode_in_regexp.html">2.10 在正则式中使用Unicode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p11_strip_unwanted_characters.html">2.11 删除字符串中不需要的字符</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p12_sanitizing_clean_up_text.html">2.12 审查清理文本字符串</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p13_aligning_text_strings.html">2.13 字符串对齐</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p14_combine_and_concatenate_strings.html">2.14 合并拼接字符串</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p15_interpolating_variables_in_strings.html">2.15 字符串中插入变量</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p16_reformat_text_to_fixed_number_columns.html">2.16 以指定列宽格式化字符串</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p17_handle_html_xml_in_text.html">2.17 在字符串中处理html和xml</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p18_tokenizing_text.html">2.18 字符串令牌解析</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p19_writing_recursive_descent_parser.html">2.19 实现一个简单的递归下降分析器</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="p20_perform_text_operations_on_byte_string.html">2.20 字节字符串上的字符串操作</a></li>
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  <div class="section" id="id1">
<h1>2.4 字符串匹配和搜索<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="id2">
<h2>问题<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>你想匹配或者搜索特定模式的文本</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id3">
<h2>解决方案<a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>如果你想匹配的是字面字符串，那么你通常只需要调用基本字符串方法就行，
比如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str.find()</span></code> , <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str.endswith()</span></code> , <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str.startswith()</span></code> 或者类似的方法：</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;yeah, but no, but yeah, but no, but yeah&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c1"># Exact match</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;yeah&#39;</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c1"># Match at start or end</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">text</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">startswith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;yeah&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">text</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">endswith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;no&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c1"># Search for the location of the first occurrence</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">text</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;no&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">10</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>对于复杂的匹配需要使用正则表达式和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code> 模块。
为了解释正则表达式的基本原理，假设你想匹配数字格式的日期字符串比如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">11/27/2012</span></code> ，你可以这样做：</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">text1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;11/27/2012&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">text2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Nov 27, 2012&#39;</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">re</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c1"># Simple matching: \d+ means match one or more digits</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">&#39;\d+/\d+/\d+&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;yes&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;no&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="go">yes</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">&#39;\d+/\d+/\d+&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text2</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;yes&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;no&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="go">no</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>如果你想使用同一个模式去做多次匹配，你应该先将模式字符串预编译为模式对象。比如：</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">datepat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">&#39;\d+/\d+/\d+&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">datepat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;yes&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;no&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="go">yes</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">datepat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text2</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;yes&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;no&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="go">no</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">match()</span></code> 总是从字符串开始去匹配，如果你想查找字符串任意部分的模式出现位置，
使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">findall()</span></code> 方法去代替。比如：</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Today is 11/27/2012. PyCon starts 3/13/2013.&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">datepat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">findall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[&#39;11/27/2012&#39;, &#39;3/13/2013&#39;]</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>在定义正则式的时候，通常会利用括号去捕获分组。比如：</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">datepat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">&#39;(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+)&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>捕获分组可以使得后面的处理更加简单，因为可以分别将每个组的内容提取出来。比如：</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datepat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;11/27/2012&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span>
<span class="go">&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x1005d2750&gt;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c1"># Extract the contents of each group</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;11/27/2012&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;11&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;27&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;2012&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">groups</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">(&#39;11&#39;, &#39;27&#39;, &#39;2012&#39;)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">month</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">day</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">year</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">groups</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c1"># Find all matches (notice splitting into tuples)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">text</span>
<span class="go">&#39;Today is 11/27/2012. PyCon starts 3/13/2013.&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">datepat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">findall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[(&#39;11&#39;, &#39;27&#39;, &#39;2012&#39;), (&#39;3&#39;, &#39;13&#39;, &#39;2013&#39;)]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">month</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">day</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">year</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">datepat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">findall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;{}-{}-{}&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">year</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">month</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">day</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="go">2012-11-27</span>
<span class="go">2013-3-13</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">findall()</span></code> 方法会搜索文本并以列表形式返回所有的匹配。
如果你想以迭代方式返回匹配，可以使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">finditer()</span></code> 方法来代替，比如：</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">m</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">datepat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">finditer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">groups</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="go">(&#39;11&#39;, &#39;27&#39;, &#39;2012&#39;)</span>
<span class="go">(&#39;3&#39;, &#39;13&#39;, &#39;2013&#39;)</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id4">
<h2>讨论<a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>关于正则表达式理论的教程已经超出了本书的范围。
不过，这一节阐述了使用re模块进行匹配和搜索文本的最基本方法。
核心步骤就是先使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.compile()</span></code> 编译正则表达式字符串，
然后使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">match()</span></code> , <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">findall()</span></code> 或者 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">finditer()</span></code> 等方法。</p>
<p>当写正则式字符串的时候，相对普遍的做法是使用原始字符串比如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r'(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+)'</span></code> 。
这种字符串将不去解析反斜杠，这在正则表达式中是很有用的。
如果不这样做的话，你必须使用两个反斜杠，类似 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'(\\d+)/(\\d+)/(\\d+)'</span></code> 。</p>
<p>需要注意的是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">match()</span></code> 方法仅仅检查字符串的开始部分。它的匹配结果有可能并不是你期望的那样。比如：</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datepat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;11/27/2012abcdef&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span>
<span class="go">&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x1005d27e8&gt;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">group</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">&#39;11/27/2012&#39;</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>如果你想精确匹配，确保你的正则表达式以$结尾，就像这么这样：</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">datepat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">&#39;(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+)$&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">datepat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;11/27/2012abcdef&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">datepat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;11/27/2012&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&lt;_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x1005d2750&gt;</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>最后，如果你仅仅是做一次简单的文本匹配/搜索操作的话，可以略过编译部分，直接使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code> 模块级别的函数。比如：</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">findall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">&#39;(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+)&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[(&#39;11&#39;, &#39;27&#39;, &#39;2012&#39;), (&#39;3&#39;, &#39;13&#39;, &#39;2013&#39;)]</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>但是需要注意的是，如果你打算做大量的匹配和搜索操作的话，最好先编译正则表达式，然后再重复使用它。
模块级别的函数会将最近编译过的模式缓存起来，因此并不会消耗太多的性能，
但是如果使用预编译模式的话，你将会减少查找和一些额外的处理损耗。</p>
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